ご利用の手引き

PubMedシステムを利用するためのガイドです。「MEDLINE」の引用文すべてに加え，「MEDLINE」未掲載の文献を集めた「Pre-Medline」の引用文を検索できます。

コンテンツテーブル:

PubMed通常検索

「詳細検索」モードを利用せずに，PubMedを検索したい場合，テキスト入力欄に検索したい語句を入れてください。これを「通常検索」モードと呼びます。

for:

ページ当たりの表示件数: 

検索したい語句を一語以上入力してください。複数検索するときは，半角スペースで区切って入力します。入力後，リターンキーか検索ボタンを押してください。画面にはすぐ 文献要約ページ が現われ，検索結果を見ることができます。

入力単語で始まる語句をすべて検索

検索語のすぐ後に半角アスタリスク（*）を付与すれば，入力された単語で始まるすべての語句が検索されます。たとえば，「bacter*」で検索したなら，「bacter」で始まるすべての語句 bacteria, bacterium, bacteriophage などが検索されます。ただし，アスタリスクの後にスペースが入るようなフレーズは検索されません。たとえば，「infection*」で検索したなら，「infections」は表示されますが，「infection control」は表示されません。

注意: アスタリスク使用により検索結果が多すぎた場合（約100件以上），検索は中止され，警告メッセージが表示されます。

フレーズを検索

PubMed では，複数入力された検索語を論理正しく並べるように努力します。たとえば「Lipman DJ Genomics」で検索した場合，Lipman DJ は著者名として認識し，次のように検索語を扱います。

Lipman DJ + Genomics

ただし，PubMedの並べかえが利用者の思い通りにならないこともあります。たとえば「brca 1」で検索した場合，これが一語なのか，「brca」と「1」に分けられているのか，区別できません。このような場合，半角引用符（"）で区切って検索してください。「brca 1」が一語である場合，次のように入力します。

"brca 1"

引用符を利用せずにフレーズ検索をする場合，そのフレーズがリストになければ，各単語はばらばらにされ，AND検索が実行されます。引用符を利用した場合，フレーズ用の別のデータベースから検索することになります。ですから，引用符により区切られたフレーズがリストにない場合，各単語がばらばらにされ，AND検索が実行されることはありません。

重要！ 通常は引用符を利用せずに検索してみてください。ただし，検索結果がうまく表示されず，区別が正しくできていないのが明らかな時には，引用符を利用してください。引用符を使いフレーズ検索するとよく「No Documents Found」と表示されます。これは，お探しのフレーズが存在しないという意味ではなく，フレーズとして索引登録されていないだけかもしれません。

ベテランユーザーへ

PubMedのベテランユーザーで，分野指定も含め，詳細をフレーズや文章で入力したい方は，Entering a Complex Boolean Expression をご覧の上，定型フォーマットにしたがってご利用ください。

通常検索モードから，詳細検索機能を利用できます。 

Advanced Search　（近日中に翻訳完成予定）

Entering a Search Term

To access the advanced search mode in Pubmed, simply click on Advanced Search from the PubMed home page. You will then see a screen that looks like this: 
Search Field: Mode: 

Number of documents to display per page: 

Select the field and mode under which you want to search, enter the term you want to search for in the box given, and then press the Search button.

Search Fields

There are a number of search fields available in the PubMed database. A description of each field is given below. If you choose to enter a complete search statement into the search box directly, rather than using the pull-down menu to specify search fields, an abbreviated field name must be used. The valid field name abbreviations are included in brackets in the descriptions below.
  • Affiliation [AD, AFFL] contains the institutional affiliation and address of the primary author, and sometimes of other authors.
  • All Fields [ALL] covers all searchable PubMed fields.
  • Author Name [AU, AUTH] contains the list of authors for a paper in the literature. The format for author names is the last name, followed by a space and the first initial(s), without periods. For example, David J. Lipman would be Lipman DJ; James Ostell would be Ostell J . Initials may be omitted when searching.
  • E. C. Number [RN, ECNO] is a number assigned by the Enzyme Commission to designate a particular enzyme. This field also includes CAS Registry Numbers.
  • Journal Title [TA, JOUR] is the name of the journal where the record was published. Journal names are stored in the database in abbreviated form; for instance, the Journal of Biological Chemistry is stored as J Biol Chem . If you are not sure how a journal name is abbreviated, use List Terms mode to browse the journal titles. You may also enter the complete joujrnal name or the ISSN number in this field. A Journal Browser is also available to look up the full name, abbreviation, and ISSN number of a journal.
  • Language [LA, LANG] is the language in which the article was published. Note that many non-English articles, however, do have English abstracts.
  • MeSH Major Topic [MAJR] includes all MeSH Terms (see below) that are marked as being of major importance to this record by the National Library of Medicine indexers for MEDLINE.
  • MeSH Terms [MH, MESH] includes all of the terms in the Medical Subject Headings, a controlled vocabulary of terms used to index MEDLINE. Each MEDLINE citation is given a group of MeSH terms that relate to the subject of the paper from which it is drawn. Frequently, MeSH terms will have an additional term, called a "subheading", which further defines how the MeSH term relates to the article it is associated with. This subheading is appended to the MeSH term, e.g. "pneumonia/diagnosis". Searching on the MeSH term (here, pneumonia) will retrieve all of the articles that use that MeSH term, whether they have subheadings or not. Use the subheading terms if you require more specificity than the MeSH term alone allows.

    • Note: MeSH terms searched for using the Mesh or Mesh Major Topic fields are automatically "exploded" by PubMed; that is, all terms which are logical subsets of the term entered are included. For instance, "vision disorders" includes "blindness" . MeSH terms found using the "All Fields" search, however, are NOT exploded.
  • Modification Date [MDAT] contains the date that the record was placed into PubMed, in the format year/month/day, as for Publication Date, see below.
  • Page Number [PAGE] is the number of the first journal page that the article appears on.
  • Publication Date [DP, PDAT] contains the date that the article was published in the format year/month/day, e.g. 1984/10/06. A year alone, (e.g. "1984") will retrieve all articles for that year; a year and month (e.g. "1984/03") will retrieve all for that month. Note that journals vary in the way the date appers, some including only year, some year plus month, some year plus month plus day. PubMed takes the date as it appears in the journal.
  • Publication Type [PT, PTYP] refers to the form of presentation of an article or other work. Examples include review articles, clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, and retracted publications.
  • Substance [NM, SUBS] contains the names of any chemicals associated with this record from the Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) registry and the MEDLINE Name of Substance field.
  • Text Words [TW, WORD] includes all words in the title and abstract, plus indivudial words from MeSH terms and chemi> 

    • 転送が中断されました!

    tle Words [TI, TITL] includes only those words found in the title of a record.
  • Volume [VI, VOL] is the number of the journal volume in which this article is published..
  • Medline ID [UI, MUID] is the MEDLINE unique identifier of a given citation.
  • PubMed ID [PMID] is the PubMed unique identifier of a given citation.

    • Finding all terms that begin with a given text string

    Placing an asterisk at the end of a search term will cause PubMed to search for all terms that begin with that word; for instance bacter* will find all terms that begin with the letters bacter, e.g. bacteria, bacterium, bacteriophage, etc. Phrases that have a space in the word that occurs after the asterisk will NOT be included; for instance, "infection*" will include "infections", but not "infection control".

    Note! If the use of an * character results in too long a list of terms to process efficiently (more than a hundred or so), PubMed will not perform the search and will so inform you.

    Forcing PubMed to search for a phrase

    PubMed will do its best to find logical groupings in your input. For instance, if you enter "Lipman DJ Genomics" (without quotes), PubMed will recognize that Lipman DJ is the name of an author and will convert your search into

    Lipman DJ AND Genomics

    It may happen that PubMed fails to find a phrase that you think is vital to a search. For instance, if you enter

    brca 1

    PubMed will not recognize that this is all one item and will search for "brca" and "1" separately. Since the latter is a numeral and is not included in the index for title and abstract fields, it will likely not find what you want. You can circumvent this by putting quotes (") around the words that PubMed is failing to recognize, e.g.

    "brca 1"

    PubMed does not actually perform adjacency searching, but employs a list of recognized phrases against which search terms are matched. If your search phrase is not on that list, then the individual terms are ANDed together. Use of quotes forces PubMed to check a second dictionary to identify the phrase. In addition, if you put the phrase in quotes, you are specifying that the search be performed ONLY if the phrase is recognized. Individual search terms will not be ANDed in this case.

    Important! It is usually best to let Entrez do your grouping for most accurate retrieval, and to use quotes only when PubMed has failed to find anyting because of a failure to group words properly. Forcing PubMed to group words will often result in "No Documents Found". This does not mean that the phrase you are looking for does not exist; rather, it was not indexed as a group.

    Expert users of PubMed can, if they wish, enter a full boolean expression in the term box. See Entering a Complex Boolean Expression below. 

    Search Modes

    WWW PubMed allows you to enter terms for searching in several different ways.
    • In List Terms mode, when you enter a term, PubMed displays the list of available terms for that field, starting at the first term which begins with the characters that you entered. You can then select one or more terms to add to your search. For example, to see the text terms beginning with "pneum", you would enter "pneum" in the term box, select "Text Terms" and "List Terms", then press Search . List Terms Mode thus allows you to browse through the terms in any given field. This can be very useful if you are not sure how something is spelled.
    • In Automatic mode, the term or terms that you enter are immediately added to your search. If you enter more than one word, PubMed will look for a phrase with the terms entered. If no phrase is found the terms will be ANDed for your query results. If PubMed groups or fails to group the words you entered properly, you can place one or more words in quotes (") to force PubMed to group them as you wish.

    Choosing a Term in List Terms Mode

    If a term is entered in the term box using List Terms Mode and the Search button pressed, a list of the terms that begin with the characters entered in the term box will be presented. For instance, if "pneum" were entered (with the field selector on "All Fields"), the resultant list might look like this : 

    Add Term(s) to Query :

    Search Field: Search Mode: 
    Enter Terms: 

    Enter one or more author last names, text words, or other keywords. To search for all terms that begin with a given word, place an asterisk (*) at the end of the word. Journal Titles must be MEDLINE abbreviations; Author names must be in the form LastName Initial(s), e.g. Smith BJ. The initials can be omitted. Detailed Help is available.

    Clear All 

    Available terms for the field All Fields (Number of Records)
    After each term is the number of articles that the term appears in.
    To pick one or more of the terms in the list of available terms, highlight them and press Select; the terms will then be added to your search. If you picked more than one term you will retrieve articles that contain either of the two terms.

    If the term that you want to select is not in the scrolling list of terms, you can scroll up or down further by selecting Scroll List Up/Down from the list, then pressing Select. If you want to look at another list of terms altogether, simply reenter the new term in the term box as before and press Search.

    Your Chosen List of Terms

    As you enter or select terms, the terms will be added to your search and also placed into a list at the bottom of your screen; this list is called the Chosen List. For example, if you had entered the term "pneumonia", and then entered "cytomegalo*", the Chosen List would look like this (the middle part of the form is omitted for brevity) : 

    Modify Current Query :

    Term (Total Records) 


    for the of the selected terms.
    PubMed automatically calculates the intersection of the terms you enter and displays the resultant search statement at the top of the screen, calculating the number of records to retrieve. The terms included in the search are highlighted in the Chosen List. Once you have entered terms of interest, you can do any of the following:
    • If the number of documents is reasonably small, press the Retrieve button to see a listing of the records your search has chosen; see Retrieving Documents below.
    • Select and/or deselect terms in the chosen list until the terms you wish to include in the search are highlighted, then press the Search button. The system will then create a new search statement based upon only the highlighted terms, according to the type of search you have selected. Here is what each of the search types do: 
      • Intersection (AND): only those records that contain all of the terms specified are returned by the search. This is abbreviated to '&' in the search statement.
      • Union (OR): those records that contain any of the terms specified are returned. This is abbreviated to '|' .
      • Difference (BUTNOT): those records that contain the uppermost term but not any of the lower terms are returned. This is abbreviated to '-' .
      Terms or expressions which are combined using the Search button are grouped into a single entity and placed on a separate line in the Chosen List. This permits you to combine terms flexibly in many ways.
      Note that the Retrieve button will continue to retrieve your old search until you tell the system to update your search using the Search button.

    Retrieving Documents

    When the number of documents that satisfy your query is reasonably small, press the Retrieve button to view them. This produces a listing containing each document's title, author, and publication year. This listing is called the Document Summary Page, and is discussed in detailed below.
    If the number of documents that your query retrieves is large, a box will appear indicating the maximum number of articles that will be displayed at a time. You can change this number to whatever is suitable. If you cannot or do not choose to display all of the articles that your search has found, the articles you do see will be the more recent ones in the database.

    The Document Summary Page

    Once you have pressed the Retrieve button, PubMed will display a listing of information on the documents that your search has found. This permits you to browse through the retrieved list of documents easily. Once you have determined which documents in the list are of interest, you can view them individually or as a group.

    Viewing Documents

    Each document can be viewed in any of several formats. The best way to decide what format best suits you for any given purpose is to experiment with them and see what they look like.

    To view a single document in PubMed, select the link at the top of the document. This will show you the document in default Citation format, which includes journal citation, article title, authors, affiliation or address, abstract, MeSH terms and chemical substances, and the MEDLINE and PubMed unique identification numbers.

    To view several documents at once, select the documents you wish to view by selecting their checkboxes. If you want to view all of the documents on the page, there is no need to select any of them. Then pick the type of report you want from the pull down menu at the top of the screen and press Display.

    Viewing Formats

    Viewing formats available include:

    For PubMed articles:

    • Citation report - Journal Citation, Title, Authors, Address or Affiliation, Abstract, MeSH terms, chemical substances, MEDLINE and PubMed unique identifiers.
    • Abstract report - Journal Citation, Title, Authors, Address or Affiliation, and Abstract.
    • MEDLINE report - Traditional two-character tagged field MEDLINE format for the full record. This is the format to use for downloading records into bibliographic management software packages.
    • ASN.1 report - A structured format for the full record, in which each data element is explicitly represented.

    Getting Document Neighbors and Links

    One of the most helpful features of PubMed is the ability to find documents that are similar to a document you are interested in. These related documents are called neighbors. For more details on what neighbors are, how they are calculated, and how to use them, see Special Features below.

    To retrieve the neighbors or links for a given record or set of records, the procedure is the same as for viewing records, above. Select the document(s) using the checkboxes on the left (select nothing to see them all). Then select the type of link you want from the pull down menu at the top of the screen and click the display button.

    Outside Links to Journals

    Some Documents have links to the WWW site for the specific journal in which the full text of the article is published. This will appear as a named journal button at the top of the article report. 

    For Experts Only

    This section explains features of PubMed that may be of interest to users with very specific needs. Most users do not need to be familiar with the items in this section.

    Entering Complex Boolean Expressions

    A search can be performed by specifying the terms to search, their fields, and the boolean operations to performs on them, all at once. Use the following syntax :
      term [field] operator term [field] ....(etc)
    term is the term string that you wish to search on. All of the terms that begin with a given string can be searched on by appending an * to the end of the term.
    For example, "baker*[auth]" would find all of the author names that begin with 'baker'.

    field is the PubMed field designation, where AD=affiliation, ALL=all fields, AU=author, TA=journal title, MAJR=MeSH Major Topic, MH=MeSH terms, MDAT-modification date, PAGE=page number, PDAT=publication date, PT=publication type, NM=substance name, TW=text words, TI=title words, and VI=volume.

    operator is any of :

    • AND (for intersection)
    • OR (for union)
    • NOT (for difference).
    Note : Boolean expressions are normally processed left to right. If you wish part of your boolean expression to be processed out of order, enclose it in parentheses.

    An Example of a boolean expression : Find the articles in the Journal of Biological Chemistry that contain the term "p21" in their text :

      p21 [TW] AND J Biol Chem [TA]

    Special Features

    What makes PubMed more powerful than many services is that most of its records are linked to other records, both within a given database and between databases. Links within a database are called "neighbors".

    PubMed neighbors are determined by comparing the Text and MeSH terms of each article, using a powerful algorithm that determines just how well the article matches every other article. The best matches for any article are saved, and you can retrieve them using the "Related Articles" button at the top of the article report.

    What this means is that if you find one or a few documents that match what you are looking for, using the "MEDLINE neighbors" on the pulldown menu will find a great many more documents that are likely to be relevant, in order from most useful to least. This allows you to find what you want with much greater speed and accuracy: instead of having to flip through thousands of documents to assure yourself that nothing germane to your query was missed, you can find just a few, then look at their neighbors.

    Try this feature out and see how it works for you; you may well wonder how you got along without it!

    In addition, some documents are linked to others for reasons other than computed similarity. For instance, if a nucleotide or protein sequence was published in a PubMed article, the two will be linked to one another.

    For More Assistance

    If you have found a bug or are still confused, please e-mail to info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov and we will be happy to assist you.